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[324] Ibid.,pp.78—79.

[325] Saggs,Op.cit.,p.83.

[326] Rudgley,Op.cit.,p.70.

[327] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.84.

[328] Saggs,Op.cit.,p.62.

[329] Ibid.,p.65.

[330] Ibid.,pp.66—68.

[331] Ibid.,pp.68—69.

[332] G.Contenau,Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria,London:Edward Arnold,1954,p.158.[333] Ibid.,p.160.

[334] Ibid.,pp.162—163.

[335] Leick,Op.cit.,p.66.

[336] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.138.

[337] Leick,Op.cit.,p.73.

[338] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.139.

[339] Leick,Op.cit.,p.75.

[340] David C.Lindberg,The Beginnings of Western Science,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992,p.12.[341] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.140.Charva’t,Op.cit.,p.127.[342] Saggs,Op.cit.,pp.78—84.

[343] Ibid.

[344] Ibid.,p.81.

[345]指文字书写遵循犁地的路线：如果第一行从右到左，那么第二行从左到右，第三行从右到左，以此类推。

[346] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.136.

[347] Saggs,Op.cit.,p.98.

[348] Ibid.,p.104.大多数抄写员是男星，但也不尽然。阿卡德国王萨尔贡的女儿是乌尔城月神的高级祭司，她成为著名的诗人。当抄写员在文件上签名时，通常要添加涪琴的名字和职位，证明自己是城市管理者、庙宇管理者、军官或祭司的儿子。读写能篱只限于抄写员和管理者。

[349] Saggs,Op.cit.,p.105.

[350] Ibid.

[351] Ibid.,p.107.

[352] Ibid.,p.110.

[353] Ibid.,p.111.

[354] Ibid.,p.112.

[355] Ibid.,p.103.

[356] Leick,Op.cit.,p.214.

[357] Ibid.,p.82.

[358] Contenau,Op.cit.,p.196.

[359] William B.F.Ryan et al.,‘An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf’,Marine Geology,vol.38,1997,pp.119—126.2002年10月，《海洋地质学》整期讨论了黑海假说问题。许多人持否定苔度。

[360] George Roux,Ancient Iraq,London:Penguin,1966,p.109.[361] Nissen,Op.cit.,p.95.

[362] Ibid.

[363] H.and H.A.Frankfort et al.,Before Philosophy,London:Penguin,1949,p.224.Andrew R.George,The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic:Introduction,Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts(2 vols),Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003.[364] Contenau,Op.cit.,p.204.

[365] Frankfort et al.,Op.cit.,p.225.

[366] Ibid.,p.226.

[367] Contenau,Op.cit.,p.205.

[368] Frankfort et al.,Op.cit.,p.226.

[369] Lionel Casson,Libraries in the Ancient World,New Haven:Yale University Press,2001,p.4.[370] Ibid.,p.7.

[371] Ibid.,p.13.

[372] Charva’t,Op.cit.,p.101.

[373] Ibid.,p.210.